- Well-known terminology imported from a foreign or regional language or dialect, and used in an original text with its cultural or traditional connotation in order to carry attachment to its associated language, country or region. Sample words used in English text are "bistrot" (a French word, designating a kind of popular restaurant where traditional family food, beverages and coffee are proposed), or "balalaika" (the Latin transliteration for English of a Russian word). These terms are often used in multiple languages with minor orthographic variants or with different accentuation (to allow better reading with the original phonetic), despite each language having their own translated terms to designate the same concept, but without this connotation. Many occurences of these terms can be found in literary, university and journalistic texts.

Translated by: FARHAD PEZESHKI